UN - Kjemiundervisning

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Nanoteknologi skal være vår mirakelkur for alt. Hva er egentlig nanoteknologi, og hvorfor fungerer ting annerledes når det blir smått?

Naturen er en overlegen produsent av nanomaterialer, men likevel ropes det varsko når produksjonen bringes inn i en labb. Hva er det som gjør oss usikre på hvor dette kan ende?

UM - Uorganisk kjemi og materialvitenkskap

UM1

Ice accumulation on ships, offshore constructions and telecommunication equipment is a challenge when exposed to weather conditions where ice can be formed. Currently, electrical heaters, hot air sources and addition of chemicals (e.g salt and glycols), are the most used anti-icing or de-icing techniques. However, these techniques are not optimal. As alternative, passive techniques such as material choices, structural surfaces and coatings have received increased attention.

Hydrophobic anti-icing coatings, that successfully repel water and prevent ice accumulation, are of great importance. This will greatly enhance operational efficiency, life-time, and safety of constructions and materials exposed to harsh environment in cold-climate regions.

In order to increase the hydrophobicity and anti-icing performance of a coating, a low surface energy (low degree of wetting) and a characteristic topology of the exposed surface are of particular interest.

Here we present a study on silane-coatings for anti-icing purposes. Different silane precursors were used as starting materials due to different hydrophobic groups. Through a hybrid inorganic-organic sol-gel synthesis, the coatings were prepared, and coated on Si-wafers of different surface topography. Areas of importance are:

The sols were investigated by NMR, FT-IR, viscosity and pH. The coatings were studied by using contact angle measurements, AFM, SEM/EDS, profilometer and white light interferometry, and icing properties of the coatings were finally studied. 

UM2

Figure. Left: PXRD data (λ = 0.504850 Å) obtained for Ba and β-FeSe mixture at 200 K (diffraction lines characteristic for Ba and BaNH_x phases are striked out). Insets show time dependence of diffracted intensity and phase fraction for β-FeSe, Phase I and Phase II obtained from Rietveld refinement. Middle: PXRD data for Ba + β-FeSe after completion of transformation to Phase I. Right: crystal structure of Ba@FeSe (phase VI).

References

UM3

Nanomicelles can be formed by creating an amphiphilic POSS structure, a POSS structure partially modified with organic fatty acid and long PEG chain. Formation of nanomicelles can facilitate the drug loading of hydrophobic drugs. This will enhance the bioavailability of these drugs.
In the actual work polyhedral oligomeric silsesquoixane POSS structure was modified with behenic acid and PEG methacrylate chains. Different ratios have been used in order to prepare these NP's. POSS based structure is expected to form nanomicelles in the aqueous solution and be stable during long period of time. The results obtained from particle size measurement show that POSS based nanomicelles form agglomerates after dialysis while the average size of 100nm was obtained before dialysis (having organic solvent inside the sample). Preliminary study of hydrophobic drug loading was tested using NR668 a hydrophobic dye Nile Red. Stability of nanomicelles in cell medium was as well investigated.

UM4

PtRh bimetallic Nanoparticles (NPs) capped with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) were synthetized by Microwave Irradiation (MIW) dielectric heating. We were able to tune the morphology of the NPs acquiring octopod-cubes, cubes, truncated cubes and small spheres by increasing the molar ratio of PVP to Pt- and Rh precursors, keeping the microwave irradiation time constant (5min). The NPs were characterized by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (HRTEM-EDS), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). TEM analysis revealed near monodispersed NP distributions, covering the range from 3 to 18 nm. XRD, XPS and EDS results show that the produced NPs consist mainly of Pt, while Rh is detected only for the lowest PVP concentration. XPS measurements indicate that the surface is enriched in Rh, indicating a core shell structure. The composition of the PtRh NPs was tuned by changing the time parameter of the MIW synthesis. Increasing the total MIW time up to 20 min we were able to prepare alloy Pt_100-xRh_x NPs with x < 50, while keeping equimolar precursor’s concentration, see Fig. 1. Incorporation of Rh in the alloying process make it complicated to control shape and the size of the NPs.

Fig. 1: HRTEM images of PtRh NPs prepared at a)5min, b) 7min, c) 10min, d)15min and e) 20min of microwave irradiation. Graph f) shows the at.% of Pt calculated from the EDS spectra.

References

UM5

Proton conduction is observed in materials over temperatures ranging from ambient to above 1000°C, and applications comprise as different materials as the polymer proton exchange membranes (PEMs) operating below 100°C, the solid acids like CsH₂PO₄ operating around 200°C, and proton conducting oxides, operating typically at 600°C. The discoveries of new families of proton conductors are claimed, such as high-temperature N-containing polymers like poly-benzimidazole, pyrophosphates like SnP₂O₇, and nanograined or nanoporous ceramics of otherwise oxide ion conducting YSZ and GDC. Most of the proton conductors exhibit a maximum in conductivity with increasing temperature, reflecting the combined action of increasing mobility of protons or protonated species on the one hand, and decreasing concentration through dehydration. There has nevertheless been little general recognition of common features, and moreover, there are conflicting reports of phase purity, proton conductivity, and interpretation and mechanisms involved.

In this contribution, we present for the first time a more global view - a kind of a master model and a generic master Arrhenius-type temperature dependency - of the protonic conductivity contributions that a typical materials sample may have. For an acceptor-doped oxide ceramic, this involves conduction of free protons, peaking at typically a few hundred degrees centigrade, and protonic conduction in the ad- and absorbed water in open grain boundary cores and porosity. The latter comprises conduction in single and multiple layers of adsorbed water - increasing with decreasing temperature - and in condensed water, increasing strongly towards the dew point in the surrounding atmosphere. Both carrier concentration and hydration can be affected by "doping" the material and hence internal surfaces with oxyacid groups.

As temperature is lowered further the condensed water exhibits a maximum in conductivity and decreases with decreasing mobility. Freezing may add to this.
All in all, the temperature dependency of the protonic conductivity of a ceramic oxide exhibits two maxima at high and ambient temperatures, respectively, and the latter has many features in common with the conductivity of proton exchange polymers membranes (PEMs) and acid-doped pyrophosphates, and we will discuss this in terms of a uniform model.

Acknowledegement

Work supported by the Research Council of Norway, RENERGI "NaProCs" 216039.

UM6

Hexagonal manganites can also be oxygen deficient, and show strongly anisotropic chemical expansion. Flexoelectricity in hexagonal manganite thin films has been attributed to oxygen vacancies creating stress fields due to the chemical expansion. [7, 8]. Computational studies on chemical expansion will become increasingly important as transition metals oxides are integrated into electronic circuitry. [9].

A-site deficiency will also be addressed as our preliminary studies have demonstrated that YMnO3 can accommodate up to 30 % Y deficiency with surprisingly small structural changes. 

Fig. 1: a) Interstitial oxygen in most stable position in YMnO3. b) Defect formation energy for interstitial oxygen as a function of chemical potential of oxygen in YMnO3

References

UM7

Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) type oxides, A_n+1B_nO_3n+1, possess a wide range of technologically important properties; i.e. thermoelectricity, colossal magneto-resistance, mixed conductivity and high temperature superconductivity. RP oxides are also currently of high interest in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology. The RP structure consists of n blocks of perovskite type units (ABO₃) separated by a layer of rock salt type (AO). Certain A₄B₃O₁₀ (n=3, RP3) materials are prone to intercalation reactions with water, carbonate and simple alcohols after treatment in reducing atmospheres [1, 2]. Several show major oxygen intercalation. The intercalated species locate to the rock salt layers, however, the process and the accompanying structural and physical changes are poorly understood. Their electric transport properties are affected by intercalation, such as changing from mixed to ionic conduction. The properties can be modified by careful tuning of the oxygen stoichiometry and type and concentration of the intercalating species. In addition to the focus on intercalation, we explore novel solid solution systems with intriguing physical properties, including redox activity and vacancy ordered superstructures. The goal of this presentation is to demonstrate the interplay between the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of RP3 phases as a function of intercalation. 

References

UM8

References

UM9

Composite mixtures between a RE-borohydride and LiBH₄ are interesting for hydrogen storage purposes because excess LiBH₄ can be destabilized via the formation of RE-hydrides which results in significantly reduced desorption temperatures [3]. We have investigated a wide range of composites based on 6LiBH₄-RECl₃-3LiH and present experimental results based on in/ex-situ powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric and caloric measurements, and cycling experiments for La- and Er-based borohydrides.

References

UM10

The current neutron diffraction analysis indicates no structural change when going from La₄Co₃O_10+δ to La₄Ni₃O_10+δ. For all compositions it is feasible to adjust the oxygen content (δ) by annealing at fixed temperatures by varying oxygen partial pressure, tuning the amount of trivalent Co- and Ni-cations. Oxygen analysis is done by cerimetry and TGA. The magnetic and electric properties are strongly composition dependent (x, δ).  Finally, the results from the various measurements is summarised in a phase diagram of structural and electronic properties of the complete solid solution La₄(Co_1−xNi_x)3O_10+δ.

References

UM11

The basic technologies in the ZEG-concept are electricity production by SOFC (solid oxide fuel cells) and hydrogen production by a modified steam reforming reaction, (SER - sorption enhanced reforming). Close thermal integration of the two basic technologies is necessary in order to obtain a high total efficiency.

The technology will be presented included main results from the basic technologies, status and plans for further technology development.

UM12

Renewable energy sources are gradually becoming more important to the largest energy markets worldwide, as fossil fuel and nuclear power plants are phased out. As the market share of intermittent energy sources such as wind and solar continue to grow, it is of vital importance to develop cost efficient and clean energy storage technologies to store peak hour energy. High temperature electrolysis (HTE) of steam offers high efficiency of conversion of renewable and peak electricity to H₂ and may increase efficiency further by utilising available sources of heat and steam from solar, geothermal, or nuclear power plants. Technologies developed to date comprise solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs) utilising oxide ion conducting electrolytes operating by virtue of necessity around 800 °C. They produce hydrogen on the steam feed side, and separation and drying of H₂ costs energy and add plant complexity and footprint. In comparison, a high temperature proton conducting electrolyte will instead pump protons (H+) and form dry H₂, leaving O₂ on the steam side. Such proton ceramic electrolyser cells (PCECs) thus require less separation process stages and can produce pressurised dry H2 directly. Protons exhibit lower activation energies than oxide ions, and ceramic proton conductors should be able to operate at lower temperatures – 600-800°C – i.e., closer to the ideal range for integration with solar and geothermal plants.

This contribution will outline the general concepts of steam electrolysis with emphasis on the different electrochemical processes that occur throughout the electrolysis cell, and the remaining material challenges that must be resolved for proton ceramic electrolyser cells to be competitive as a cost efficient energy storage technology:  i) Development of novel H₂O-O₂ anodes comprised of composite oxide materials that display mixed proton-electron conductivity, high catalytic activity towards water splitting, and compatibility with the electrolyte material; ii) development of scalable fabrication routes for complete electrolysis cells that can withstand 50 bar steam at 600-800°C for long durations.

UM13

Metal-organic framework materials have shown remarkable hydrogen uptake and sorption properties. Among the most intriguing series of compounds are the isostructural microporous coordination polymers [M₂(dhtp)] (CPO-27-M, M-MOF-74 or M₂(dobdc)), in which a high concentration of coordinatively unsaturated metal sites results in high initial heats of adsorption.[1] 

We present a comparative study of hydrogen gas adsorption experiments on CPO-27-Cu and -Mn, which show striking differences in their hydrogen uptake behaviors which can be attributed to the difference in interaction between hydrogen and the respective metal cation incorporated in the framework structure. Inelastic neutron scattering experiments were carried out to confirm the remarkable difference and gain further insight into the adsorption process. Firstly, CPO-27-Cu demonstrates the lowest isosteric heat of adsorption for H2 of all the CPO-27-M materials reported to date, where M = Ni, Co, Mg, Zn, Mn, and Fe,[1] and CPO-27-Mn the second lowest. Secondly, all the reported CPO-27 materials show two steps in the adsorption isotherm and two distinct values corresponding to the first and second adsorption sites in the heats of adsorption, which are not observed for the CPO-27-Cu. Thus, the open metal site and second adsorption site are energetically equivalent in CPO-27-Cu, and there is no preference for the hydrogen gas at the open metal center.

References

UM14

Sodium- and potassium containing complex oxides exhibit a range of properties important for applications in present and future materials technology. Examples of such compounds include ferroelectric K_xNa_1-xNbO₃ [1], the battery cathode material Na_xMnO₂[2] and thermoelectric Na_xCoO₂[3], finding their use on devices such as sensors, actuators and devices with need for integrated energy supply. As devices become smaller, the need for techniques enabling deposition of thin films with sub-nanometer thickness control and high conformality becomes increasingly important. Atomic layer deposition is a well-established technique that accommodates these criteria[4]. Processes for depositing oxides of most common elements have already been reported[5], with exceptions including many of the important alkali metals due to lack of suitable precursors. In this research, we highlight some crucial challenges of atomic layer deposition of compounds containing sodium and potassium and how these can be overcome, including presentation of suitable precursors. Deposition of some technologically interesting materials is used to support the impact this progress may have for future thin film research.

References

UM15

LUMINESCENT LANTHANIDE TITANATES AND LANTHANIDE YTTERBIUM TITANATES HAVE BEEN GROWN BY ALD FOR LIGHT CONVERSION

Lanthanide oxides is an important class of functional materials, used as light converters in phosphor materials, active media in lasers, fuel cells and magnetic materials to name a few. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) gives unique possibilities in tailoring doping profiles and compositions not easily reproduced by other methods. Controlling the film growth and growth parameters of the lanthanide oxides thus enables novel structures and materials to be synthesized.

Based on our previous work on ALD films of Ln₂O₃[1], Eu_xTi_yO_z[2] and nanolaminates of Eu₂O₃/TiO₂ sandwich structures[3], we here explored the luminescent properties of Ln_xTi_yO_z and (Ln,Yb)_xTi_yO_z film materials. The goal is to achieve efficient UV-to-NIR light conversion through UV absorption in TiO₂ and 1000 nm emission of Yb³⁺, with or without and intermediate step through a second lanthanide Ln³⁺.

References

UM16

Lead-free piezoelectric materials have gained significant attention in recent years[1]. One of the highly interesting materials is BiFeO₃ (BFO) with a high strain and polarization, and possible high temperature applications due to the high TC. The application of BFO is though challenging because of a high coercive electric field and a problematic electrical conductivity [2]. Due to the synthesis challenges of pure BFO, (1-x)Bi_0.5K_0.5TiO₃ –xBiFeO₃ ((1-x)BKT - xBFO, x = 0.8, 0.9)has been studied as a model system to better understand the point defect chemistry and electrical conductivity of BFO[3].

The high coercive electric field of BFO has been related to point defects that arise due to evaporation of Bi₂O₃during fabrication [4]. Point defects due to this loss may act as pinning centers for domain walls and hamper wall movement, reducing the polarization and strain observed for polycrystalline BFO. The hard ferroelectric properties of BFO have motivated the present study of ferroelastic properties, possibly related to the same phenomenology. An advantage of ferroelasticity is that challenges related to conductivity and dielectric breakdown at high electric field are avoided.

Here we report on a study of aging/hardening in relation to point defects in BKT-BFO by stress-strain measurements in samples with different thermal history and with donor doping. Sintered samples were grinded to a cylinder shape and annealed above TC to relieve residual stresses. A uniaxial stress up to 800MPa was applied on the samples at temperatures up to 400°C. Crystal structure and phase transitions were examined by high temperature X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and dielectric spectroscopy.

The results show that the thermal history of the materials is of great importance for the stress-strain curve. A furnace cooled sample (300°C/h) i.e. shows no ferroelastic behavior while an air quenched sample demonstrates opening of the stress-strain curve and remanent strain. The ferroelastic properties were found to vary significantly with temperature (Fig. 1). It was also found that the crystal structure and the ferroelastic properties were sensitive to donor doping which further implies that the point defect chemistry of the material is of great importance.

References

UM17

Carbon conductive additives are important constituents of the Li-ion battery cathodes, as the oxidic cathode materials used up to now are suffering from too low electronic conductivities. The next generation, high capacity cathodes are expected to operate at higher voltages than the current state-of-the-art cathodes, which will be challenging for the stability of the carbon conductive additive. It is already know that the anion PF6- intercalates in graphite at potentials above 4.2 V, and also that decomposition of electrolyte and exfoliation of graphite due to co-intercalation of electrolyte may occur [1,2]. At higher voltages all know electrolytes will oxidize, which in particular cause degradation of high surface area conductive additives, like carbon black.

The purpose of this study is to compare different carbon conductive additives with respect to their electrochemical performance at high cathodic voltages. In addition to conventional graphite powder KS6 and the carbon black SuperP Li from TIMCAL, a multilayer graphene powder was included in the study. Electrodes from these materials were then cycled galvanostatically in coin cells at various rates, and investigated in 3-electrode experiments with cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. The electrolytes used were 1M LiPF₆ in 3:7 EC:DMC or 1:1 EC:DMC.

Results show that the intercalation potential of PF₆- is slightly higher for multilayer graphene compared to KS6, and also more reversible. On the other hand, the graphene has a much higher irreversible capacity loss in the first cycle, indicating more severe electrolyte oxidation, although the BET surface areas are similar. All materials showed stable performance upon galvanostatic cycling at 120 mAh/g. Apart from electrolyte oxidation products, no changes to the electrodes could be observed by SEM after cycling. In-situ X-ray spectroscopy was performed to obtain more information on the anion intercalation processes in the multilayer graphene material as compared to the graphite material. The results were relatively similar for the two materials, and show that the intercalation of PF6- is only partly reversible.

References

UM18

Fig. 1. (a) Geometrical configuration of in-plane conductivity measurement. (b) Impedance spectra of 160 nm-thick LiAlO2 thin films on sapphire substrate obtained by in-plane measurement. The inset shows the equivalent circuit for data fitting, and the solid lines represent the fitting results.
   
 LiAlO₂ have been deposited by ALD [5] and were utilized as barrier and protection layers [5,7] in Li-ion batteries. This work aims at investigating the conductivity properties of the ALD LiAlO₂ amorphous films in the temperature range of interest. Electrical characterizations were carried out by impedance spectroscopy from ambient to elevated temperature in controlled atmosphere. An optimized “soft” contacting method is used to make effective and stable electrode contacts. We applied both in-plane and cross-plane measurements, depending on the type of substrate. The conductivities obtained using the cross-plane method are relatively independent of the film thickness, whilst results from in-plane measurements exhibit a stronger thickness-dependence. Room-temperature conductivity in these amorphous LiAlO₂ films could be readily measured, and the temperature-dependent ionic conductivity obtained from the two methods are reported and compared. .

References

UM19

Dense samples were successfully produced when using Ni and Zn oxides, after sintering in air at 1500 °C and 1375 °C, respectively. BZY samples produced with Cu, Mg, and Mn oxides remain porous up to 1600 °C. Stability of Cu-, Ni-, and Zn-containing BZY materials in biogas conditions was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis in mixtures of 60% H₂, 10% H₂O, 10% CO₂, 20% Ar, and 800 ppm H₂S. While Ni-BZY samples remain stable under these conditions, both Zn and Cu-doped BZY samples experienced significant changes, attributed to evaporation and sulphidation, respectively, of the dopants. 
The conductivity of BZY15 was studied by impedance spectroscopy as function of atmosphere, processing routes and additive contents. Samples prepared from both routes exhibited similar bulk conductivity in wet air with an activation energy of ~0.48 eV (Fig 1). In a wet mixture of 5% H2:95 % Ar, the conductivity of the samples prepared by solid state increased an order of magnitude compared to that in air, whereas no change in conductivity was observed in samples prepared by the Pechini route. These results will be discussed in this presentation.

UM20

Magnesium borohydride is a particularly interesting material for hydrogen storage due to its light weight and 14.9 wt% of hydrogen. Up to about 4 wt% have been found to desorb reversibly below 300oC and at a moderate pressure [1]. For rehydrogenation of the completely dehydrogenated material, however, much harsher conditions are needed [2]. In order to improve hydrogen sorption performance of Mg(BH4)2, a wide range of approaches are explored, including high energy reactive ball-milling, preparation of composite materials, dispersion in porous matrix, and addition of catalysts [3].

 
Transition metal compounds have been widely explored for enhancing hydrogen storage properties of complex hydrides, including metal borohydrides [2, 3]. A number of the additives were shown to reduce significantly hydrogen release temperature during the first decomposition of Mg(BH4)2. However, the effect of additives on hydrogen absorption and further cycling was scarcely studied. In this contribution we present our recent studies on the effect of transition metal–based additives in Mg(BH₄)₂. A range of the nickel and cobalt compounds was ball-milled with Mg(BH₄)₂, and the sorption properties of the composites were studied upon one or three H-sorption cycles. The desorption and absorption were carried out at 285oC where Mg(BH₄)₂ was shown to be reversible at least for one cycle. The additives were characterized by x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), which gives an insight into the local state of metal atoms and the additives composition upon cycling. 

This work was financed by the European Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (http://www.fch-ju.eu) under collaborative project “BOR4STORE” (Grant agreement no.: N° 303428).

References

UM21

Powders, ranging from nano- to millimetre scale, are used for a wide range of applications in the chemical, metallurgical, pharmaceutical and food industries. SINTEF Materials and Chemistry performs work related to development of several technologies where synthesis of powders is essential, e.g. for catalysts, sorbents, batteries, membranes, fuel cells and medical applications. Tailoring of both chemical compositions and particle morphologies through reproducible and scalable processes is essential for future technology development.

Nanostructured materials are gaining widespread use and require new approaches to synthesis, in particular with respect to increased production while maintaining proper HSE procedures. Flame spray pyrolysis is an excellent tool for pioneering development of complex nanomaterials for various applications, and is also a scalable process already implemented by commercial powder producers. Use of newly invested flame spray pyrolysis unit for synthesis of small scale reproducible batches (1-10 grams) of finely dispersed nanoparticles of various inorganic materials (e.g. mixed oxides) will be presented, along with their potential application areas. Examples of how varying the precursor solution system, liquid- and gas flow rates, as well as gas composition (oxidizing-inert atmosphere) affect the morphology, crystallinity and chemical composition of the product will be given.

For lab scale materials to be attractive for commercialization, viable routes for up-scaled fabrication and shaping at an industrial level need to be developed, while maintaining composition and properties. Spray drying is common route where spherical, dense particles are formed by drying of a droplets formed by atomizing. The particle size typically scale with the size of spray dryer due to increased drying time. Other methods where the final particle size can be easily tailored are granulation, agglomeration and spray coating. The latter methods can scaled up more easily from lab to full scale. All these methods result in different final material properties suitable for a variety of applications. Results from different projects related to processing of powders using the above mentioned techniques will be presented – two examples given in Fig. 1.

HI - Kjemiens historie

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I 1557 publiserte den daværende stadsfysikusen i Frankfurt, Adam Lonicer (1528 - 1586), en urtebok som ble svært populær i sin samtid [1]. Urteboken er rikt illustrert med vakre tresnitt og beskriver både planter og dyr, men også destillasjonsteknologien som ble anvendt for å fremstille medisiner. Boken kan derfor betraktes både som et oppslagsverk om planter og dyr, som en farmakologi og som en håndverksbok om destillasjon. De flotte illustrasjonene og den øyensynlig store detalj-rikdommen dannet inspirasjonen til en fullskala rekonstruksjon av destillasjonsprosesser fra 1500-tallet. Dette prosjektet har vært gjennomført som en masteroppgave ved Institutt for kjemi ved NTNU, som en del av det tverrfaglige Mubil - prosjektet (museum og bibliotek - et digitalt laboratorie) [2].

Med hjelp fra spesialiserte håndverkere fra universitetets verksteder ble det rekonstruert en ovn, utstyr samt det glassutstyret som behøvdes for å reprodusere renessansens destillasjonsteknologi.

Målet med rekonstruksjonen var å undersøke utstyret og teknologiens effektivitet, målt med moderne metoder, samt å utforske synergieffekten av å arbeide med teksten parallelt med den faktiske rekonstruksjonen. Rekonstruksjon av historisk utstyr og eksperimenter i alkymi og kjemi har, som metodologi, vist seg nyttige i flere nyere studier [3], men har i større grad vært anvendt i studier av metallurgisk alkymi enn iatrokjemisk alkymi [4].

Analysene av det rekonstruerte utstyret viser at noen hypoteser om utviklingen av destillasjonsteknologi bør revideres.

Referanser

HI3

Gløersen var 24 år da han skrev disse notatene. Han tok Eksamen artium i 1826, anneneksamen (Ex. Phil.) i desember 1827 og medisinsk embetseksamen i mai 1833. Til anneneksamen hadde han bl. a. blitt eksaminert av Keyser i naturlære dvs. fysikk og kjemi. Det betyr at disse forelesningene Keyser holdt, må være et avansert kurs i organisk kjemi for medisinerstudenter og apotekerlærlinger som bygget på det de hadde lært tidligere.

Berzelius hadde publisert sin bok i organisk kjemi tre år før [1].  Han, og andre kjemikere den gang, trodde at organiske stoffer bare kunne syntetiseres av en levende organisme og at slike stoffer ble syntetiseres i spesielle organer. Derav navnet organisk kjemi. Notatene viser at Berzelii bok har vært kjent av Keyser, men bemerkelsesverdig er at de kjemiske formler gitt av Berzelius ikke er gjengitt i notatene.

Den organiske kjemi som presenteres i Gløersens forelesningsnotater er kjemi knyttet til planter og hvordan man kan fremstille stoffer fra planter. Mye av det som er skrevet er vanskelig å forstå for oss i dag. Vi har derfor lagt til mange, forhåpentligvis oppklarende kommentarer til både kjemien og botanikken slik at dagens lesere kan forstå hva Keyser foreleste for Gløersen den gang i 1830.

Planen var at dette arbeidet skulle vært ferdig i tide til dette landsmøte, men det rakk vi ikke. Vi håper at et hefte om Gløersens notater med våre kommentarer kan foreligge til jul i år.

Referanse

HI4

2014-årgangen av tidsskriftet Kjemi kalles årgang 74, men egentlig burde det ha vært årgang 111. Det skyldes at dagens nummeringen starter i 1941 som første årgang kalt Tidsskrift for kjemi, bergvesen og metallurgi. Det avløste Tidsskrift for kjemi og bergvesen som kom i 20 årganger fra 1921. Det avløst på sin side Tidsskrift for kemi som kom i 17 årganger fra 1904. Så vi kan si at tidsskriftet har kommet i tre serier: 1. serie fra 1904 til 1920, 2. serie fra 1921 til 1940 og 3. serie fra 1941 til i dag.

Jeg vil begrense meg i foredraget til første halvpart av perioden dvs fra 1904 til 1959 – 55 årganger. I 1959 var jeg ferdig med studiene og meldte meg inn i Norsk Kjemisk Selskap. Siden har jeg fått tidsskriftet og lest hvert nummer.

Første nummer i 1904 het ikke Tidsskrift for kemi, men Pharmacia, Tidsskrift for kemi og farmaci. Det var utgitt og redigert av Eivind Koren (1869-1920). Han var utdannet apoteker, men konsentrerte sitt liv om tidsskrifter og foreninger for kjemi og farmasi. I 1915 ble tidsskriftet organ for Norsk Kemisk Selskap, gruppe i Polyteknisk forening som samme år hadde skiftet navn fra Kjemigruppen i polyteknisk Forening (P.F.).

Jeg vil i foredraget plukke ut høydepunkter fra tidsskriftet og beskrive de lange linjer i tidsskriftets historie.

MA - Matkjemi

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